We love to love Quinoa at the Windmill, and it is a daily staple on the Sweet Olive menu. So we thought this article from the Washington Post was interesting and wanted to share...
In the Andean highlands of Bolivia and Peru, the broom-like,
purple-flowered goosefoot plant is spreading over the barren hillsides–further
and further every spring. When it’s dried, threshed, and processed through
special machines, the plant yields a golden stream of seeds called quinoa, a
protein-rich foodstuff that’s been a staple of poor communities here for
millennia. Now, quinoa exports have brought cash raining down on the dry land,
which farmers have converted into new clothes, richer diets, and shiny
vehicles.
But at the moment, the Andeans aren’t supplying enough of
the ancient grain. A few thousand miles north, at a downtown Washington D.C.
outlet of the fast-casual Freshii chain one recent evening, a sign delivered
unpleasant news: “As a result of issues beyond Freshii’s control, Quinoa is not
available.” Strong worldwide demand, the sign explained, had led to a shortage.
A Freshii spokeswoman said that prices had suddenly spiked, and the company
gave franchises the choice to either eat the cost or pull the ingredient while
they renegotiated their contract.
Quinoa is a low-calorie, gluten-free, high-protein grain
that tastes great. Its popularity has exploded in the last several years,
particularly among affluent, health-conscious Americans. But the kinks that
kept the grain out of Freshii that day are emblematic of the hurdles it will
face to becoming a truly widespread global commodity and a major part of
Americans’ diet. It shows the crucial role of global agribusiness, big-ticket
infrastructure investment, and trade in bringing us the things we eat, whether
we like it or not.
In short, it’s hard to keep something on the menu if you
might not be able to afford it the next day. And the American agricultural
economy makes it hard for a new product to reach the kind of steady prices and
day-in-day-out supply that it takes to make it big.
A grain whose time has come
Quinoa went extinct in the United States long before upscale
lunch places started putting it in side salads. Agronomists have found evidence
of its cultivation in the Mississippi Valley dating back to the first millennium
AD, but it faded away after farmers opted for higher-yielding corn, squash, and
bean crops.
Enthusiasts started growing quinoa again in the 1980s,
mostly in the mountains of Colorado. It’s not easy, though–sometimes it takes
several seasons to get any harvest, since seeds can crack, get overtaken by
weeds, or die off because of excessive heat or cold. In 2012, the U.S.
accounted for a negligible amount of the 200 million pounds produced worldwide,
with more than 90 percent coming from Bolivia and Peru.
Demand started to ramp up in 2007, when Customs data show
that the U.S. imported 7.3 million pounds of quinoa. Costco, Trader Joe’s, and
Whole Foods began carrying the seed soon after, and the U.S. bought 57.6
million pounds in 2012, with 2013 imports projected at 68 million pounds. And
yet, prices are skyrocketing; they tripled between 2006 and 2011, and now hover
between $4.50 and $8 per pound on the shelf.
What’s driving the increase? Part of it is that Peru itself,
already the world’s biggest consumer of quinoa, patriotically started including
the stuff in school lunch subsidies and maternal welfare programs. Then there’s
the United Nations, which declared 2013 the International Year of
Quinoa, partly in order to raise awareness of the crop beyond its traditional
roots.
But it’s also about the demographics of the end-user in
developed countries–the kind of people who don’t think twice about paying five
bucks for a little box of something with such good-for-you buzz. A few blocks
away from Freshii in Washington D.C. is the Protein Bar, a four-year-old
Chicago-based chain that uses between 75 and 100 pounds of quinoa per week in
its stores for salads and bowls that run from $6 to $10 each (Their slogan: “We
do healthy…healthier”).
Right now, the company has so far decided to absorb the
higher prices, which still aren’t as much of a cost factor as beef and
chicken. It will even pay a little extra to ship the good stuff from South
America, rather than the grainier variety that Canada has developed.
“As much as I don’t like it–you never want to pay more for
your raw materials–it’s central to our menu,” says CEO Matt Matros. “I’m pretty
positive that as the world catches on to what a great product is, the supply
will go up and the price will come back down. It’ll come down to the best
product for us. If we find that the American quinoa is as fluffy, then
we’ll definitely make the switch.”
Andean Naturals predicts quinoa prices will drop, and wants
to establish a fair trade price floor to help sustain small farmers. (Andean
Naturals)
Cracking the quinoa code
The Andean smallholders are trying to keep up with the
demand. They’ve put more and more land into quinoa in recent years; Bolivia had
400 square miles under cultivation last year, up from 240 in 2009. The arid,
cool land that quinoa needs was plentiful, since little else could grow there.
And thus far, that trait has made it difficult to grow elsewhere.
But that doesn’t mean the rest of the world isn’t trying. A
Peruvian university has developed a variety that will grow in coastal
climates. There are also promising breeding programs in Argentina, Ecuador,
Denmark, Chile, and Pakistan. Washington State University has been
developing varieties for cultivation in the Pacific Northwest, and
in August will hold a quinoa symposium bringing together
researchers from all over to talk about their work.
“To me, the imagination is the limit, and a whole lot of
effort,” says Rick Jellen, chair of the plant and wildlife sciences
department at Brigham Young University. “Quinoa is a
plant that produces a tremendous amount of seed. So
you have potential, with intensive selection, to
identify variants that have unusual characteristics.”
The South American quinoa industry, and the importers who
care about it, are worried about the coming worldwide explosion of their native
crop. Despite a bubble of media coverage earlier
this year about how strong demand is making it difficult for Bolivians to
afford to eat what they grow, it’s also boosted incomes from about $35 per
family per month to about $220, boosting their standards of living
dramatically. Now, the worry is maintaining a steady income level when
production takes off around the world.
Sergio Nunez de Arco, a native Bolivian who in 2004 helped
found an import company called Andean Naturals in California, likes to show the
small-scale farmers he buys from pictures of quinoa trucks in Canada to prove
that the rest of the world is gaining on them, and that they need to invest in
better equipment. Meanwhile, he’s trying to develop awareness about the
importance of quinoa to reducing poverty, so that they can charge a fair trade
price when the quinoa glut comes.
“The market has this natural tendency to commoditize things.
There’s no longer a face, a place, it’s just quinoa,” de Arco says. “We’re at
this inflection point where we want people to know where their quinoa is coming
from, and the consumer actually is willing to pay them a little more so they do
put their kids through school.”
He’s even helping a couple of Bolivian farmers who don’t
speak English very well fly to that Washington State University conference, so
they’ll at least be represented.
“It kind of hurts that the guys who’ve been doing this for
4,000 years aren’t even present,” de Arco says. “‘You guys are awesome, but
your stuff is antiquated, so move over, a new age of quinoa is coming.’”
Why isn’t the U.S. growing more of it?
So far, though, the mystery is why the new age of quinoa is
taking so long to arrive.
Americans have been aware of the crop for decades, and used
to produce 37 percent of the world supply, according to former Colorado
state agronomist Duane Johnson. It never took off, partly because of pressure
from advocates of indigenous farmers–in the 1990s, Colorado State University
researchers received a patent on a quinoa variety, but dropped it after
Bolivian producers protested it would destroy their livelihoods.
You don’t need a patent to grow a crop, of course. But the
switching cost is extremely high, says Cynthia Harriman of the Whole Grains
Council. “Can you get a loan from your bank, when the loan officer knows
nothing about quinoa? Will he or she say, ‘stick to soybeans or corn?’” It even
requires different kinds of transportation equipment. “If you grow quinoa up in
the high Rockies, where are the rail cars that can haul away your crop? Or the
roads suitable for large trucks?”
All that infrastructure costs money, and the only farmers
with lots of money are in industrial agribusiness. But U.S. industry has shown
little interest in developing the ancient grain. Kellogg uses quinoa in
one granola bar, and PepsiCo’s Quaker Oats owns a quinoa brand, but the biggest
grain processors–Cargill and Archer Daniels Midland–say they’ve got no plans to
start sourcing it. Monsanto, the world’s largest seed producer, has nothing
either.
Instead, their research and development dollars are focused
entirely on developing newer, more pest-resistant forms of corn, soybeans,
wheat, sugar, and other staples. All of those crops have their own corporate
lobbying associations, government subsidy programs, and academic departments
devoted to maintaining production and consumption. Against that, a few
researchers and independent farmers trying to increase quinoa supply don’t have
much of a chance.
“This is something where it would truly have to come from
the demand side–no one wants to get into this and get stuck with all this
excess inventory,” says Marc Bellemare, an agricultural economist at Duke
University. And how do you determine how much demand is enough, or whether a
fad has staying power? ”We still haven’t fully unbundled what the decision
bundle is. It’s like shining a flashlight in a big dark room.”
That’s why it’s hard for any new crop to make the
transition from niche to mainstream. Products, maybe: Soy milk is
ubiquitous now, after years as a marginal hippie thing, but it comes from a
plant that U.S. farmers have grown for decades. An entirely new species is
something else altogether. ”I wouldn’t even go so far as to say that’s a non-staple
that went big-time,” Bellemare says.
For that reason, quinoa prices are likely to remain volatile
for a long while yet. Brigham Young’s Rick Jellen says the lack of research
funding for quinoa–relative to the other large crop programs–means that even if
they come up with a more versatile strain, it won’t have the resilience to
survive an infestation.
“Once that production moves down to a more benign
environment, you’re going to get three or four years of very good production,”
he predicts. “And then you’re going to hit a wall, you’re going to have a pest
come in, and it’s going to wreak havoc on the crop. I think we’re going to
see big fluctuations in quinoa prices until someone with money has the vision
and is willing to take the risk to invest to really start a long-term breeding
program for the crop.”
Which means that if you’re looking forward to a quinoa lunch
in downtown D.C., be prepared for a disappointment.
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